Abduction- Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body; opposite of adduction.
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Adduction- Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body; opposite of abduction.
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Active Recovery - Performing stretching exercises or working other body parts to facilitate recovery after intense exercise to allow for more productive use of exercise time.
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Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-A high-energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically, and stored in the body.
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Aerobic-With, or in the presence of, oxygen.
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Agonist-A muscle that is directly engaged in contraction; opposes the action of an antagonist muscle.
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Anaerobic-Without the presence of oxygen; not requiring oxygen.
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Antagonist - The muscle that acts in opposition to the action produced by an agonist muscle.
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Ballistic-High-impact, rapid, jerking movements.
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)-The energy expended by the body while at rest to maintain normal body functions.
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Body composition-The makeup of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat.
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Calorie-The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius; also called kilocalorie.
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Cardiac output-The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; usually expressed in liters of blood per minute.
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Cholesterol-A fat-like substance found in the blood and body tissues and in animal products; essential for body production of hormones, steroids, and so on. Its accumulation in the arteries leads to narrowing of the arteries.
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Co-contraction-The mutual coordination of antagonist muscles to maintain a postion.
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Concentric contraction-A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, shortens, and overcomes a resistance.
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Eccentric contraction-A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, lengthens, and is overcome by a resistance.
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Elasticity-Temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.
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Exercise prescription-An exercise and/or strength routine usually created by a personal trainer for a client to follow to acheive fitness goals.
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Extension-Movement at a joint that brings two parts into or toward a straight line, thereby increasing the angle of the joint, such as straightening the elbow; opposite of flexion.
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Fat-An essential nutrient that provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body. 1 gram fat=9 kcals.
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Glucose-A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body's principal energy source.
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Glycogen-The storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.
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Hernia-A protrusion of the abdominal contents into the groin or through the abdominal wall.
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High-density lipoproteins(HDLs)-A plasma complex of lipids and proteins that contains relatively more protein and less cholesterol and triglycerides. High HDL levels are associated with a low risk of coronary heart disease; labeled "good" cholesterol because it removes excess cholesterol from the body.
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Hypertrophy-An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance (strength) training.
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Isometric contraction-A contraction in which a muscle exerts force but does not change length.
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Karvonen formula-The mathematical formula that uses maximum heart-rate reserve to determine target heart rate.
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Lactic acid-A waste product of anaerobic energy production known to cause localized muscle fatigue.
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Ligament-A connective tissue that functions to connect two bones.
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Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)-A plasma complex of lipids and proteins that contains relatively more cholesterol and triglycerides and less protein. Labeled "bad" cholesterol because it deposits cholesterol on the artery walls.
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Metabolic equivalents (METs)-A simplified system for classifying physical activities where one MET is equal to the resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 3.5 mL of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute (3.5 mL/kg/min).
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Muscular endurance-The capacity of a muscle to exert force repeatedly against a resistance, or to hold a fixed or static contraction over time.
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Muscular strength-The maximum force that a muscle can produce against resistance in a single, maximal effort.
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Obesity-An excessive accumulation of body fat. Usually defined as more than 20% above ideal weight, or over 25% body fat for men and over 32% body fat for women.
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Protein-An essential nutrient made up of 20 amino acids that builds and repairs body tissues. 1 gm = 4 kcals.
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Strain-A stretch, tear or rip in the muscle or adjacent tissue.
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Tendon-Strong, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
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Valsalva maneuver-Increased pressure in the thoracic cavity caused by forced exhalation with the breath held.
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Veins-Blood vessels that carry blood, usually deoxygenated, to the heart.
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VO2 Max-The highest volume of oxygen a person can consume during exercise; maximum aerobic capacity.
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